The history of Stonehenge begins around 3100 BC, not with stones, but with a massive circular earthwork on Salisbury Plain. This first phase consisted of a 110-metre diameter ditch and bank enclosure, known as a henge, created by Neolithic people using simple tools like antler picks. This initial monument marked the landscape as a special place long before the famous stones arrived, and was used as a cremation cemetery.

Phase 1: The First Monument (c. 3100 BC)

The earliest version of Stonehenge was a circular ditch with inner and outer banks. Inside the bank was a ring of 56 pits, now known as the Aubrey Holes, which may have held timber posts or even the first bluestones. For several hundred years, this site served as one of Britain's largest Neolithic cemeteries. Archaeologists have found the cremated remains of at least 63 men, women, and children from this period, indicating its profound importance as a place for the dead.

Phase 2: The Stones Arrive (c. 2600–2400 BC)

The most dramatic transformation in Stonehenge's history occurred around 2500 BC when the stones were erected. This was a monumental undertaking carried out in several stages. First, about 80 smaller bluestones, weighing up to 5 tons each, were brought from the Preseli Hills in Wales, over 140 miles (225 km) away.

Shortly after, the colossal sarsen stones arrived. These stones, weighing an average of 25 tons, were sourced from West Woods, about 16 miles (26 km) away. The builders erected the outer circle of 30 uprights with 30 lintels on top, and the inner horseshoe of five massive trilithons. They used sophisticated woodworking joints, like mortise and tenon, to secure the lintels, a feature unique among stone circles.

A Timeline of Stonehenge's Construction

  • 8500–7000 BC: The earliest known activity. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers erect large pine posts, similar to totem poles, near the future site of Stonehenge.
  • c. 3100 BC: The first monument is built: a large circular earthwork ditch and bank (henge) is created.
  • c. 3000 BC: The site is used as a major cremation cemetery. The Aubrey Holes are dug, possibly holding bluestones for the first time.
  • c. 2600 BC: The sarsen stones are transported and erected, forming the iconic outer circle and inner trilithon horseshoe. The structure is aligned with the solstices.
  • c. 2400–2200 BC: The bluestones are rearranged into a circle between the sarsen rings and an oval shape in the centre.
  • c. 1930–1600 BC: The final prehistoric activity occurs. The bluestones are rearranged into the horseshoe and circle we see the remnants of today. The Y and Z Holes are dug outside the main circle, but never filled.
  • 1986 AD: Stonehenge and its surrounding landscape are designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognising their global importance.

Who were the builders?

The construction of Stonehenge was a multi-generational effort involving different groups of people. The initial henge was built by Neolithic farming communities who lived in the area. The later, more complex stone phases were completed by new groups of people during the Bronze Age. These societies were highly organised, capable of mobilising large workforces to quarry, transport, shape, and erect the stones. This incredible feat shows a shared vision and deep spiritual commitment that lasted for centuries. To witness their legacy, you can book tickets to visit this historic site.

Frequently asked questions

How long did it take to build Stonehenge?

Stonehenge was not built all at once; its construction spanned at least 1,500 years, from the first earthworks around 3100 BC to the final stone arrangements around 1600 BC.

What was Stonehenge used for?

Evidence suggests Stonehenge had multiple purposes over its long history. It was initially a cremation cemetery and later became a ceremonial site aligned with the movements of the sun, likely for solstitial rituals.

Why did construction stop?

The primary ceremonial use of Stonehenge appears to have declined after 1600 BC as new religious beliefs and cultural practices emerged in Bronze Age Britain. The site was never truly abandoned but its central role diminished over time.

Ready to step back in time? The story of Stonehenge is best experienced in person. Explore our range of tickets and guided tours to plan your unforgettable visit.